Publications

Chapter

Fraser, A. G., & Barnett, M. P. G. (2010). Animal Models of Colitis: Lessons Learned, and Their Relevance to the Clinic. In Ulcerative Colitis - Treatments, Special Populations and the Future. Intech. Retrieved from http://www.intechopen.com/

Fraser, A. G. (2003). Microscopic Colitis. In Unknown Book (Vol. 31, pp. 82-83). doi:10.1383/medc.31.2.82.28607

Conference

Fraser, A., & Rose, T. (2017). WITHDRAWAL TIME CORRELATES WITH DETECTION OF TUBULAR ADENOMAS BUT NOT SESSILE SERRATED POLYPS. In GUT Vol. 66 (pp. A131). Manchester, ENGLAND: BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314472.256

Fraser, A., & Rose, T. (2017). INCREASE IN POLYP DETECTION OVER 5 YEARS MAINLY DUE TO AN INCREASE IN DETECTION OF SESSILE SERRATED POLYPS. In GUT Vol. 66 (pp. A130). Manchester, ENGLAND: BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314472.255

Fraser, A., & Rose, T. (2017). WHAT IS THE BEST KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATOR (KPI) FOR POLYP DETECTION AT COLONOSCOPY?. In GUT Vol. 66 (pp. A131). Manchester, ENGLAND: BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314472.257

Fraser, A. G., & Rose, T. (2016). Increase in Detection of Sessile Serrated Polyps After Providing Feedback on Polyp Histology as Part of a Continuous Audit Process. In GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY Vol. 83 (pp. AB382). MOSBY-ELSEVIER. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G., Rose, T., & Gamble, G. (2016). The Mean Number of Adenomas Per Procedure May Measure Performance Similar to Adenoma Detection Rate But the Detection of Serrated Polyps Is a Different Performance Indicator. In GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY Vol. 83 (pp. AB382). MOSBY-ELSEVIER. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G., Gamble, G., & Rose, T. (2015). Sa1441 The Addition of Histology to Continuous Audit Has Significantly Increased Adenoma Detection Rate in a Private Endoscopy Unit. In Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Vol. 81 (pp. AB218). doi:10.1016/j.gie.2015.03.212

Fraser, A. G., Gamble, G., & Rose, T. (2015). Sa1518 What Factors Determine Patient Tolerance of Gastroscopy Using Conscious Sedation?. In Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Vol. 81 (pp. AB246). doi:10.1016/j.gie.2015.03.291

Fraser, A. G., Gamble, G. D., Rose, T., & Dunn, J. P. (2011). Does increasing the withdrawal time during colonoscopy lead to higher rates of polyp detection?. In JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Vol. 26 (pp. 24). WILEY-BLACKWELL. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G., Gamble, G. D., Rose, T., & Dunn, J. P. (2011). What are the determinants of patient discomfort during colonoscopy: results of a 12-year audit?. In JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Vol. 26 (pp. 24). WILEY-BLACKWELL. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G., Morgan, A. R., Han, D. -Y., & Ferguson, L. R. (2011). Testing a severity score for Crohn's disease: can a group of SNP's predict a severe phenotype?. In JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Vol. 26 (pp. 63). WILEY-BLACKWELL. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G. (2010, October 20). Can the audit process influence performance of colonoscopy. In Australian Gastroenterology Week. Gold Coast.

Fraser, A. G. (2010). Phenotype - genotype interactions in Crohn's disease. In 4th International Nutragenomics conference. Auckland, New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.nutrigenomics.org.nz/

Fraser, A. G., & Gamble, G. D. (2010). Does the audit process improve practice and performance of colonoscopy?. In JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY Vol. 25 (pp. A51). WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G., Leung, E., Hong, J., & Krissansen, G. W. (2006). Signalling pathway of NOD2 (CARD 15). In 16th Annual Queenstown Molecular Biology Meeting. Queenstown, New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.qmb.org.nz/

Fraser, A. G., Leung, E., Hong, J., Vishnu, P., Abbott, W. G., & Krissansen, G. W. (2005). Phenotypic associations of the 3020insC mutation in the NOD2 gene in New Zealand caucasian Crohn's patients. In Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Vol. 20(suppl) (pp. 64). Brisbane.

Fraser, A. G. (2004). Infliximab - 5 years on. In Annual Scientific Meeting of NZ Society of Gastroenterology. Napier.

Fraser, A. G., & Jewell, D. P. (n.d.). Long term risk of malignancy after treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine.. In American Gastroenterology Association.

Fraser, A. G., & Jewell, D. P. (n.d.). Side-effects of azathioprine treatment. In American Gastroenterology Association, Gastroenterology 2000, 118: A787..

Watanabe, K., Simmon, J. D., Orchard, T. R., Fraser, A. G., Marshall, S. E., Welsh, K. I., & Jewell, D. P. (2000). Allelic variants of thiopurine methyl transferase are associated with azathioprine-induced leucopenia.. In American Gastroenterology Association (pp. A338).

Fraser, A. G., & Jewell, D. P. (2000). Relapse rates on and after stopping azathioprine for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.. In Gastroenterology Vol. 118 (pp. A786). San Diego.

Fraser, A. G., & Jewell, D. P. (2000). An adit of methotrexate treatment for inflammatory bowel disease.. In British Society of Gastroenterology, Birmingham.

Fraser, A. G., Hollis, B., Moore, L., & Ali, M. R. (1997). Antibiotic testing for Helicobacter pylori isolates in New Zealand. Gastric juice vitamin C concentrations and H.pylori infection.. In Australian Gastroenterology Week, Brisbane.

Fraser, A. G., Mcintosh, C., Berry, S. J., & Moore, L. (1997). The urea breath test for H.pylori in the initial assessment of dyspepsia in primary care. In International Helicobacter Workshop, Lisbon.

Woollard, G. A., Moore, L., & Fraser, A. G. (1997). Gastric juice vitamin C concentrations and H.pylori infection.. In Australian Gastroenterology Week.

Fraser, A. G., Berry, S., Moore, L., Chua, L., Peng, S., Arroll, B., & Lloyd, T. (1995). How many patients would benefit from eradication treatment - a general practice review. In Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Vol. 10(suppl2) (pp. 41). Perth.

Journal article

Gasteiger, C., Sherriff, R., Fraser, A., Shedden-Mora, M. C., Petrie, K. J., & Serlachius, A. S. (2018). Predicting patient reassurance after colonoscopy: The role of illness beliefs.. Journal of psychosomatic research, 114, 58-61. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.09.009

Fraser, A. G. (2017). Editorial: replacing standard proton pump inhibitors with vonoprazan may breathe new life into triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori.. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 46(5), 550-551. doi:10.1111/apt.14198

Hemmington, A., Dalbeth, N., Jarrett, P., Fraser, A. G., Broom, R., Browett, P., & Petrie, K. J. (2017). Medical specialists' attitudes to prescribing biosimilars. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 26(5), 570-577. doi:10.1002/pds.4186

Fraser, A. G. (2017). Editorial: can we get more clinical benefit from thiopurine metabolite testing?. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 45(6), 857-858. doi:10.1111/apt.13942

Fraser, A. G. (2016). Editorial: serologic microbial-associated markers to predict Crohn's disease behaviour.. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 44(3), 300-301. doi:10.1111/apt.13681

Fraser, A. G. (2015). Editorial: post hoc analysis of SONIC trial.. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 41(11), 1210. doi:10.1111/apt.13179

Krissansen, G. W., Yang, Y., McQueen, F. M., Leung, E., Peek, D., Chan, Y. C., . . . Fraser, A. G. (2015). Overexpression of miR-595 and miR-1246 in the sera of patients with active forms of inflammatory bowel disease.. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 21(3), 520-530. doi:10.1097/mib.0000000000000285

Fraser, A. (2015). Editorial: thiopurine withdrawal during sustained clinical remission in inflammatory bowel disease.. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 41(2), 227-228. doi:10.1111/apt.13013

Fraser, A. G., Gamble, G. D., & Rose, T. (2014). The addition of histology to continuous audit has significantly increased adenoma detection rate in a private endoscopy unit. JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, 29, 161-162. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G., Gamble, G. D., & Rose, T. (2014). The addition of histology to continuous audit has significantly increased adenoma detection rate in a private endoscopy unit. JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, 29, 29. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. (2014). Monoclonals against TNF are a major advance in the treatment of Crohn's disease.. The New Zealand medical journal, 127(1396), 10-14.

Fraser, A. (2014). COELIAC DISEASE - AN UPDATE. INTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, 44, 8. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G. (2014). Commentary: Individual vs. weight-based dosing of azathioprine in Crohn's disease.. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 39(4), 438-439. doi:10.1111/apt.12588

Fraser, A. G., Gamble, G. D., & Rose, T. R. (2013). What factors determine patient tolerance of gastroscopy using conscious sedation?. JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, 28, 40. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G., Gamble, G. D., & Rose, T. R. (2013). How much extra value is given to a colonoscopy audit if polyp histology is included?. JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, 28, 23-24. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G., Gamble, G. D., Rose, T. R., & Dunn, J. P. (2013). The quality of bowel preparation does not affect polyp detection rate but does increase procedure time and patient discomfort. JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, 28, 23. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G., Gamble, G. D., Rose, T. R., & Dunn, J. P. (2013). Colonoscopy audit over 10 years--what can be learnt?. The New Zealand medical journal, 126(1382), 25-35.

Marlow, G., Ellett, S., Ferguson, I., Zhu, S., Karunasinghe, N., Jesuthasan, A., . . . Ferguson, L. (2013). Transcriptomics to study the effect of a Mediterranean-inspired diet on inflammation in Crohn's disease patients. Human Genomics, 7(24), . doi:10.1186/1479-7364-7-24

Atkinson, N. S., Fraser, A. G., Gala, G., Gamble, G. D., & Lane, M. (2012). Colorectal cancer after colonoscopy: risk factors and survival data compared with cancer diagnosed at time of colonoscopy. JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, 27, 30. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Gentschew, L., Bishop, K., Han, D., Morgan, A., Fraser, A., Lam, W., . . . Ferguson, L. (2012). Selenium, selenoprotein genes and Crohn's Disease in a case-control population from Auckland, New Zealand. Nutrients, 4(9), 1247-1259. doi:10.3390/nu4091247

Morgan, A. R., Lam, W. -J., Han, D. -Y., Fraser, A. G., & Ferguson, L. R. (2012). Genetic variation within TLR10 is associated with Crohn's disease in a New Zealand population.. Human immunology, 73(4), 416-420. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2012.01.015

Morgan, A. R., Lam, W. -J., Han, D. -Y., Fraser, A. G., & Ferguson, L. R. (2012). Genetic variation within TLR10 is associated with Crohn's disease in a New Zealand population. Human Immunology, 73(4), 416-420. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2012.01.015

Morgan, A. R., Lam, W. -J., Han, D. -Y., Fraser, A. G., & Ferguson, L. R. (2012). Association Analysis of ULK1 with Crohn's Disease in a New Zealand Population.. Gastroenterology research and practice, 2012, 715309. doi:10.1155/2012/715309

Morgan, A. R., Lam, W. -J., Han, D. -Y., Fraser, A. G., & Ferguson, L. R. (2012). DNase1: No Association with Crohn's Disease in a New Zealand Population.. ISRN gastroenterology, 2012, 826323. doi:10.5402/2012/826323

Morgan, A. R., Fraser, A. G., & Ferguson, L. R. (2012). Metallothionein genes: no association with Crohn's disease in a New Zealand population.. Journal of negative results in biomedicine, 11, 8. doi:10.1186/1477-5751-11-8

Morgan, A. R., Han, D. -Y., Lam, W. -J., Triggs, C. M., Fraser, A. G., Barclay, M., . . . Ferguson, L. R. (2011). Genetic variations in matrix metalloproteinases may be associated with increased risk of ulcerative colitis.. Human immunology, 72(11), 1117-1127. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2011.08.011

Wang, A. H., Lam, W. -J., Han, D. -Y., Ding, Y., Hu, R., Fraser, A. G., . . . Morgan, A. R. (2011). The effect of IL-10 genetic variation and interleukin 10 serum levels on Crohn's disease susceptibility in a New Zealand population.. Human immunology, 72(5), 431-435. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2011.02.014

Ferguson, L. R., Han, D. Y., Fraser, A. G., Huebner, C., Lam, W. J., Morgan, A. R., . . . Karunasinghe, N. (2010). Genetic factors in chronic inflammation: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the STAT-JAK pathway, susceptibility to DNA damage and Crohn's disease in a New Zealand population. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 690(1-2), 108-115. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.01.017

Triggs, C. M., Munday, K., Hu, R., Fraser, A. G., Gearry, R. B., Barclay, M. L., & Ferguson, L. R. (2010). Dietary factors in chronic inflammation: Food tolerances and intolerances of a New Zealand Caucasian Crohn's disease population. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 690(1-2), 123-138. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.01.020

Morgan, A. R., Han, D. Y., Huebner, C., Lam, W. J., Fraser, A. G., & Ferguson, L. R. (2010). PTPN2 but not PTPN22 is associated with Crohn's disease in a New Zealand population.. Tissue antigens, 76(2), 119-125. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2010.01493.x

Morgan, A. R., Han, D. -Y., Lam, W. -J., Fraser, A. G., & Ferguson, L. R. (2010). Association analysis of 3p21 with Crohn's disease in a New Zealand population.. Human immunology, 71(6), 602-609. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2010.03.003

Ferguson, L. R., Han, D. Y., Fraser, A. G., Huebner, C., Lam, W. J., & Morgan, A. R. (2010). IL23R and IL12B SNPs and Haplotypes Strongly Associate with Crohn's Disease Risk in a New Zealand Population.. Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 2010, 539461. doi:10.1155/2010/539461

Nolan, D. J., Han, D., Lam, W., Morgan, A. R., Fraser, A. G., Tapsell, L. C., & Ferguson, L. R. (2010). Genetic adult lactase persistence is associated with risk of Crohn's Disease in a New Zealand population. BMC Research Notes, 3(1), 339. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-3-339

Schultz, M., Gearry, R., Walmsley, R., Day, A. S., Fraser, A., Wyeth, J., . . . Whiteside, C. (2010). New Zealand Society of Gastroenterology statement on the use of biological therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. New Zealand Medical Journal, 123(1314), 121.

Fraser, A. G., Scragg, R., Schaaf, D., Metcalf, P. A., & Grant, C. C. (2010). Helicobacter pylori and iron deficiency in teenage females in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, 123(1313), 38-45. Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/123-1313/4078/

Han, D. Y., Fraser, A. G., Dryland, P., & Ferguson, L. R. (2010). Environmental factors in the development of chronic inflammation: A case-control study on risk factors for Crohn's disease within New Zealand. Mutation Research-Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 690(1-2), 116-122. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.09.002

Hong, J. W., Leung, E., Fraser, A., & Krissansen, G. W. (2008). Nucleic Acid from Saliva and Salivary Cells for Noninvasive Genotyping of Crohn's Disease Patients. Genetic Testing, 12(4), 587-589. doi:10.1089/gte.2008.0027

Hong, J., Leung, E., Fraser, A. G., Merriman, T. R., Vishnu, P., & Krissansen, G. W. (2008). IL4, IL10, IL16, and TNF polymorphisms in New Zealand Caucasian Crohn's disease patients.. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 23(3), 335-337. doi:10.1007/s00384-007-0338-3

Leung, E., Hong, J., Fraser, A. G., Merriman, T. R., Vishnu, P., & Krissansen, G. W. (2007). Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor gene polymorphisms and Crohn's disease.. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 22(8), 995-996. doi:10.1007/s00384-006-0136-3

Leung, E., Hong, J., Fraser, A. G., Merriman, T. R., Vishnu, P., & Krissansen, G. W. (2007). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene polymorphisms and Crohn's disease.. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 22(4), 453-454. doi:10.1007/s00384-005-0085-2

Hong, J., Leung, E., Fraser, A. G., Merriman, T. R., Vishnu, P., & Krissansen, G. W. (2007). Polymorphisms in NFKBIA and ICAM-1 genes in New Zealand Caucasian Crohn's disease patients.. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 22(10), 1666-1670.

Hong, J., Leung, E., Fraser, A. G., Merriman, T. R., Vishnu, P., & Krissansen, G. W. (2007). TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 polymorphisms and Crohn's disease in a New Zealand Caucasian cohort.. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 22(11), 1760-1766. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04727.x

Leung, E., Hong, J. W., Fraser, A. G., Merriman, T. R., Vishnu, P., & Krissansen, G. W. (2006). Polymorphisms in the organic cation transporter genes SLC22A4 and SLC22A5 and Crohn's disease in a New Zealand Caucasian cohort. Immunology and cell biology, 84(2), 233-236. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1711.2006.01423.x

Leung, E., Hong, J., Fraser, A., & Krissansen, G. W. (2006). Splicing of NOD2 (CARD15) RNA transcripts.. Molecular Immunology, 44(4), 284-294. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2006.03.009

Leung, E., Hong, J., Fraser, A., Merriman, T., & Krissansen, G. (2006). PPAR-γ and Crohn's Disease in New Zealand. Gastroenterology, 130(7), 2249-2250. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.04.053

Kandiel, A., Fraser, A. G., Korelitz, B. I., Brensinger, C., & Lewis, J. D. (2005). Increased risk of lymphoma among inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine. Gut, 54(8), 1121-1125. doi:10.1136/gut.2004.049460

Leung, E., Hong, J., Fraser, A. G., Merriman, T. R., Vishnu, P., Abbott, W. G. H., & Krissansen, G. W. (2005). Polymorphisms of CARD15/NOD2 and CD14 genes in New Zealand Crohn's disease patients.. Immunology and Cell Biology, 83(5), 498-503. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01362.x

Fraser, A. G. (2004). Low-dose methotrexate in ulcerative colitis: Still a matter of debate - Reply. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 16(10), 1072. doi:10.1097/00042737-200410000-00022

Fraser, A. (2004). The changing face of coeliac disease. New Zealand Family Physician, 31(3), 161-164. Retrieved from https://www.rnzcgp.org.nz/

Fraser, A. (2004). Helicobacter pylori: a historical perspective 1983-2003.. The New Zealand medical journal, 117(1194), U896.

Paoluzi, O. A., Pica, R., Iacopini, F., & Paoluzi, P. (2004). Low-dose methotrexate in ulcerative colitis: still a matter of debate.. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology, 16(10), 1071-1072. doi:10.1097/00042737-200410000-00021

Fraser, A. (2003). Common questions in inflammatory bowel disease. New Zealand Family Physician, 30(6), 425-430. Retrieved from https://www.rnzcgp.org.nz/

Fraser, A. G., Scragg, R. K., Cox, B., & Jackson, R. T. (2003). Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae and myocardial infarction. Internal Medicine Journal, 33(7), 267-272. doi:10.1046/j.1445-5994.2003.00349.x

Fraser, A., Williamson, S., Lane, M., & Hollis, B. (2003). Nurse-led dyspepsia clinic using the urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori. New Zealand Medical Journal, 116(1176), 9 pages. Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/

Fraser, A. G. (2003). Methotrexate: First-line or second-line immunomodulator?. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 15(3), 225-231. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/

Fraser, A. G., Orchard, T. R., Robinson, E. M., & Jewell, D. P. (2002). Long-term risk of malignancy after treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 16(7), 1225-1232. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01297.x

Fraser, A. G., Morton, D., McGovern, D., Travis, S., & Jewell, D. P. (2002). The efficacy of methotrexate for maintaining remission in inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 16(4), 693-697. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01227.x

Fraser, A. (2002). Interpretation of liver enzyme tests -- a rapid guide. New Zealand Family Physician, 29(2), 117-120. Retrieved from https://www.rnzcgp.org.nz/

Fraser, A. G., Orchard, T. R., & Jewell, D. P. (2002). The efficacy of azathioprine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: A 30 year review. Gut, 50(4), 485-489. doi:10.1136/gut.50.4.485

Fraser, A. G., Warren, B. F., Chandrapala, R., & Jewell, D. P. (2002). Microscopic colitis: A clinical and pathological review. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 37(11), 1241-1245. doi:10.1080/003655202761020489

Ogra, R., Lane, M., Wong, P., & Fraser, A. (2002). Endoscopic injection therapy for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding at Auckland Hospital.. The New Zealand medical journal, 115(1166), U255.

Ogra, R., Lane, M., Wong, P., & Fraser, A. (2002). Endoscopic injection therapy for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding at Auckland Hospital.. The New Zealand medical journal, 115(1166).

Fraser, A. G., Morton, R. P., & Gillibrand, J. (2000). Presumed laryngo-pharyngeal reflux: Investigate or treat?. Journal of Laryngology and Otology, 114(6), 441-447. doi:10.1258/0022215001906020

Fraser, A. G., & Woollard, G. A. (1999). Gastric juice ascorbic acid is related to Helicobacter pylori infection but not ethnicity. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 14(11), 1070-1073. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.1999.02003.x

Fraser, A. G., Moore, L., Hackett, M., & Hollis, B. (1999). Helicobacter pylori treatment and antibiotic susceptibility: Results of a five-year audit. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine, 29(4), 512-516. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1999.tb00752.x

Persson, S. T., Fraser, A. G., & Lane, M. R. (1999). Long-term follow-up of the management of benign oesophageal strictures at Auckland Hospital, 1990-1994. New Zealand Medical Journal, 112(1081), 28-30. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10078211

Garrigan, K. E., McIntosh, C. G., & Fraser, A. G. (1999). Bleeding peptic ulcers: audit of eradication treatment for H pylori. New Zealand Medical Journal, 112, 178-180.

Fraser, A. G., Schreuder, V., Chua, L. E., & Moore, L. (1998). Follow up after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori: Symptoms and reinfection. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 13(6), 555-559. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.tb00689.x

Fraser, A. G. (1998). Is there an interaction between H2-antagonists and alcohol?. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions, 14(3), 123-146. doi:10.1515/DMDI.1998.14.3.123

Fraser, A. G., McIntosh, C., Berry, S., & Moore, L. (1998). Can the urea breath test for H.pylori replace endoscopy for the assessment of dyspepsia in primary care?. New Zealand Medical Journal, 111(1058), 11-14. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9484427

Fraser, A. G., Peng, S. L., & Jass, J. R. (1998). Intestinal metaplasia subtypes and Helicobacter pylori infection: A comparison of ethnic groups in New Zealand. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 13(6), 560-565. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.tb00690.x

Fraser, A. G. (1998). Continuing education section. New Zealand Pharmacy, 11-14.

Campbell, S., Fraser, A., Hollis, B., Schmid, J., & O'Toole, P. W. (1997). Evidence for ethnic tropism of Helicobacter pylori. Infection and Immunity, 65(9), 3708-3712. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC175528/

Fraser, A. G. (1997). Pharmacokinetic interactions between alcohol and other drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 33(2), 79-90. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00003088-199733020-00001

Fraser, A. G. (1997). How helpful are tests for Helicobacter pylori in general practice. New Ethicals Journal, 9-16.

Fraser, A. G., Schreuder, V., Chua, L. E., & Moore, L. (1997). Symptom profile and H-pylori recrudescence after successful eradication treatment - 1 year follow-up. GUT, 41, A72. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G., McIntosh, C., Berry, S., & Moore, L. (1997). The urea breath test (UBT) for H-pylori (HP) in the initial assessment of dyspepsia in primary care. GUT, 41, A77-A78. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G. (1997). Casebook: an elderly women with dysphagia.. Patient Management.

Pérez-Pérez, G. I., Bhat, N., Gaensbauer, J., Fraser, A., Taylor, D. N., Kuipers, E. J., . . . Blaser, M. J. (1997). Country-specific constancy by age in cagA+ proportion of Helicobacter pylori infections.. International journal of cancer, 72(3), 453-456. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970729)72:3<453::aid-ijc13>3.0.co;2-d

Berry, S., Arroll, B., Fraser, A., & Weller, D. (1996). Screening for colorectal cancer: A survey of New Zealand general practitioners. New Zealand Medical Journal, 109(1034), 447-449. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8982177

Fraser, A. G., Moore, L., Berry, S., & Arroll, B. (1996). Eradication treatment for Helicobacter pylori in general practice. New Zealand Medical Journal, 109(1033), 422-424. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8941293

Fraser, A. G., Scragg, R., Metcalf, P., McCullough, S., & Yeates, N. J. (1996). Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in different ethnic groups in New Zealand children and adults. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine, 26(5), 646-651. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1996.tb02934.x

O'Morian, C., Dettmer, A., Rambow, A., von Fritsch, E., & Fraser, A. G. (1996). Double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled evaluation of clarithromycin and omeprazole for Helicobacter pylori-associated duodenal ulcer. Helicobacter (Oxford), 1(3), 130-137. doi:10.1111/j.1523-5378.1996.tb00026.x

Fraser, A. G., Moore, L., Ali, M. R., Chua, L. E., Hollis, B., & Little, S. V. (1996). An audit of low dose triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. New Zealand Medical Journal, 109(1027), 290-292. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8773671

Fraser, A. G. (1996). Specificity of Helicobacter pylori testing (Comment). New Zealand Medical Journal, 109(1027), 304. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8773680

Fraser, A. G., Sawyerr, A. M., Hudson, M., Smith, M. S. H., & Pounder, R. E. (1996). Morning versus evening dosing of lansoprazole 30 mg daily on twenty-four-hour intragastric acidity in healthy subjects. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 10(4), 523-527. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.1996.33175000.x

Fraser, A. G., Ali, M. R., McCullough, S., Yeates, N. J., & Haystead, A. (1996). Diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori -- can they help select patients for endoscopy?. New Zealand Medical Journal, 109, 95-98. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8606844

Scragg, R. K. R., Fraser, A., & Metcalf, P. A. (1996). Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and cardiovascular risk factors in a multicultural workforce. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 50(5), 578-579. doi:10.1136/jech.50.5.578

Fraser, A. G., Lewin, J. F., & Pounder, R. E. (1995). Gastric persorption of bismuth from ranitidine bismuth citrate. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 9(4), 447-450. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.1995.tb00404.x

Fraser, A. G., Yates, N., McCullough, S., Hopkirk, N., & Milne, S. (1995). Different seroprevalences of Helicobacter pylori between ethnic groups of New Zealand. Gastroenterology, 108(4), A95. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(95)23043-2

HOLFORD, N. H. G., & FRASER, A. (1995). POPULATION PHARMACOKINETICS OF ETHANOL IN HUMANS - INFLUENCE OF DOSE, MEALS, H2-ANTAGONISTS, RACE AND ETHANOL USE. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, 57(2), 216. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G., Rosalki, S. B., Gamble, G. D., & Pounder, R. E. (1995). Inter-individual and intra-individual variability of ethanol concentration-time profiles: comparison of ethanol ingestion before or after an evening meal.. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 40(4), 387-392. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1995.tb04561.x

Fraser, A. G., Sawyerr, A. M., Hudson, M., Smith, M., & Pounder, R. E. (1994). Effects of ranitidine 150 mg four times a day on 24-hour intragastric acidity and 24-hour plasma gastrin concentration. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 39(1), 91-96. doi:10.1007/BF02090066

FRASER, A. G. (1994). GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX AND LARYNGEAL SYMPTOMS. ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, 8(3), 265-272. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Owen, R. J., Bickley, J., Hurtado, A., Fraser, A., & Pounder, R. E. (1994). Comparison of PCR-based restriction length polymorphism analysis of urease genes with rRNA gene profiling for monitoring Helicobacter pylori infections in patients on triple therapy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 32(5), 1203-1210. Retrieved from http://jcm.asm.org/content/32/5/1203.abstract

Fraser, A. G., Sim, R., Sankey, E. A., Dhillon, A. P., & Pounder, R. E. (1994). Effect of eradication of Heliocbacter pylori on gastric epithelial cell proliferation. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 8(2), 167-173. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00274.x

Fraser, A. G. (1994). Review article: gastro-oesophageal reflux and laryngeal symptoms.. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 8(3), 265-272.

Bickley J., Owen, R. J., Fraser, A. G., & Pounder, R. E. (1993). Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for detecting the urease C gene of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy samples and dental plaque. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 39(5), 338-344. doi:10.1099/00222615-39-5-338

Fraser, A. G., Lam, W. M., Luk, Y. W., Sercombe, J., Sawyerr, A. M., Hudson, M., . . . Pounder, R. E. (1993). Effect of ranitidine bismuth citrate on postprandial plasma gastrin and pepsinogens. Gut, 34(3), 338-342. doi:10.1136/gut.34.3.338

Fraser, A. G., Hudson, M., Sawyerr, A. M., Smith, M. S., Sercombe, J., Rosalki, S. B., & Pounder, R. E. (1993). Ranitidine has no effect on postbreakfast ethanol absorption. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 88(2), 217-221. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8424424

Fraser, A. G., Pounder, R. E., & Burroughs, A. K. (1993). Gastric secretion and peptic ulceration in cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology, 19(1), 171-182. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(05)80191-6

Fraser, A. G., Hudson, M., Sawyerr, A. M., Smith, M., Rosalki, S. B., & Pounder, R. E. (1992). Ranitidine, cimetidine, famotidine have no effect on post-prandial absorption of ethanol 0.8 g/kg taken after an evening meal. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6(6), 693-700. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.1992.tb00733.x

Fraser, A. G., & Nicholson, G. I. (1992). Long-term follow-up of dilatation treatment of oesophageal strictures.. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 7(5), 520-523. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1992.tb01031.x

Fraser, A. G., & Nicholson, G. I. (1992). Duodenal perforation in primary systemic amyloidosis. Gut, 33(7), 997-999. doi:10.1136/gut.33.7.997

Fraser, A. G., Prewett, E. J., Pounder, R. E., & Samloff, I. M. (1992). Short report: Twenty-four-hour hyperpepsinogenaemia in Helicobacter pylori-positive subjects is abolished by eradication of the infection. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6(3), 389-394. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.1992.tb00060.x

Fraser, A. G., Debnam, E. S., Dhillon, A. P., & Pounder, R. E. (1992). Gastric epithelial cell proliferation and histological damage after hypertonic sodium chloride: The effect of variation in the strain of rat. International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 73(2), 241-250. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1571283

Fraser, A. G., Hudson, M., Sawyerr, A. M., Rosalki, S. B., & Pounder, R. E. (1992). Short report: The effect of ranitidine on the post-prandial absorption of a low dose of alcohol. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6(2), 267-271. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.1992.tb00270.x

Prewett, E. J., Luk, Y. W., Fraser, A. G., Lam, W. M., & Pounder, R. E. (1992). Comparison of one-day oral dosing with three bismuth compounds for the suppression of Helicobacter pylori assessed by the 13C urea breath test. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6(1), 97-102. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.1992.tb00549.x

Fraser, A. G., Debnam, E. S., Dhillon, A. P., & Pounder, R. E. (1992). Gastric epithelial-cell proliferation after dosing with anti-secretory drugs: The effect of variation in the strain of rat. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 4(8), 651-656. Retrieved from http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1058048/

Fraser, A. G., Prewett, E. M., Hudson, M., Sawyerr, A. M., Rosalki, S. B., & Pounder, R. E. (1992). Ranitidine has no effect on post-prandial absorption of alcohol (0.6g/kg) after an evening meal. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 4(1), 43-48. Retrieved from http://eurekamag.com/research/002/473/002473468.php

Fraser, A. G., Bickley, J., Owen, R. J., & Pounder, R. E. (1992). DNA fingerprints of Helicobacter pylori before and after treatment with omeprazole. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45(12), 1062-1065. Retrieved from http://jcp.bmj.com/content/45/12/1062.full.pdf

Fraser, A. G., Koelmeyer, T., White, A. C., & Nicholson, G. I. (1992). Antral vascular ectasia: the watermelon stomach.. The New Zealand medical journal, 105(940), 338-339.

Pounder, R. E., & Fraser, A. G. (1991). Safety concerns related to treatment of peptic ulcer. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 7(6), 894-899. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/

Charkravanty, B. J., Fraser, A., Hamilton, I., & Lane, M. (1991). A randomised blinded study in colonic lavage for colonoscopy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine, 21(5), 769-771. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1991.tb01387.x

Fraser, A. G., Prewett, E. J., Hudson, M., Sawyerr, A. M., Rosalki, S. B., & Pounder, R. E. (1991). The effect of ranitidine, cimetidine, or famotidine on low-dose post-prandial alcohol absorption. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 5(3), 263-272. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.1991.tb00027.x

Fraser, A. G., Prewett, E. J., Nwokolo, C. U., Hudson, M., Sawyerr, A. M., & Pounder, R. E. (1991). The effect of GR 122311X, a bismuth compound with H2-antagonist activity on 24-hour acidity. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 5, 481-490.

Fraser, A. G., Arthur, J. F., & Hamilton, I. (1991). Intestinal pseudoobstruction secondary to amyloidosis responsive to cisapride.. Digestive diseases and sciences, 36(4), 532-535. doi:10.1007/bf01298889

Fraser, A. G., Parr, D. H., & Ellis-Pegler, R. B. (1990). The spectrum of systemic candidiasis at Auckland Hospital.. The New Zealand medical journal, 103(900), 505-507.

ELLISPEGLER, R. B., FRASER, A. G., & WELLS, A. U. (1989). FANSIMEF IN THE TREATMENT OF MALARIA - REPLY. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, 19(4), 411. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1989.tb00293.x

Fraser, A. G., & Hamilton, I. (1989). Endoscopic palliation of malignant obstructive jaundice.. The New Zealand medical journal, 102(865), 155-157.

Fraser, A. G. (1989). Medicine in rural Kenya: a personal perspective.. The New Zealand medical journal, 102(860), 15-17.

Browett, P. J., Varcoe, A. R., Fraser, A. G., & Ellis-Pegler, R. B. (1988). Disseminated tuberculosis complicated by the hemophagocytic syndrome.. Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine, 18(1), 79-80. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1988.tb02250.x

Ellis-Pegler, R. B., Beeching, N. J., Eales, M., Fraser, A. G., & Wells, A. U. (1988). Fansimef [Fansidar plus mefloquine] is effective treatment for imported malaria in New Zealand.. Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine, 18(5), 733-734. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1988.tb00166.x

Fraser, A. G., Croxson, M. S., Espiner, E. A., & Synek, B. (1987). Adrenocortical carcinoma presenting as primary aldosteronism in a young man.. Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine, 17(1), 60-62. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1987.tb05053.x

Fraser, A. G., Croxson, M. S., & Ellis-Pegler, R. B. (1987). Hypercalcaemia and elevated 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 levels in a patient with multibacillary leprosy and a type I leprosy reaction.. The New Zealand medical journal, 100(817), 86.

Fraser, A. G., Henley, J. W., Ellis-Pegler, R. B., Benjamin, C. S., Childs, W. J., & Harvey, V. J. (1986). The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Auckland in 1985.. The New Zealand medical journal, 99(805), 485-488.

Poster

Fraser, A. G., Gamble, G., Rose, T., & Dunn, J. (2011). Trends for Key Performance Indicators (KPI) in Colonoscopy Over 10 Years: Does the Audit Process Improve the KPI’s. Poster session presented at the meeting of 19th United European Gastroenterology week. Stockholm.

Fraser, A. G., Gamble, G., Rose T., & Dunn, J. (2011). Does Increasing the Withdrawal Time During Colonoscopy Lead to Higher Rates of Polyp Detection?. Poster session presented at the meeting of 19th United European Gastroenterology week. Stockholm.

Fraser, A. G., Gamble G., Rose T., & Dunn, J. (2011). What are the determinants of patient discomfort during colonoscopy: results of a12-yers audit?. Poster session presented at the meeting of Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Brisbane, Australia. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06821.x

Fraser, A. G., Gamble G., Rose T., & Dunn, J. (2010). DOES THE AUDIT PROCESS IMPROVE PRACTICE AND PERFORMANCE OF COLONOSCOPY?. Poster session presented at the meeting of Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Gold Coast.

Hong, J., Leung, E., Merriman, T., Fraser, A., & Krissansen, G. W. (2006). Susceptibility genes for Crohn's disease in New Zealand patients. Poster session presented at the meeting of 16th European Congress of Immunology. The Palais des Congrès, Paris, France.

Leung, E., Hong, J., Fraser, A. G., & Krissansen, G. W. (2006). Signaling pathway of NOD2 (CARD 15).. Poster session presented at the meeting of The sixteenth annual Queenstown Molecular Biology Meeting. Queenstown, New Zealand.

Hong, J., Leung, E., Merriman, T., Fraser, A., & Krissansen, G. W. (2006). Susceptibility genes for Crohn’s disease in New Zealand patients. Poster session presented at the meeting of 11th International Congress of Human Genetics. Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre, Brisbane, Australia.

Hong, J., Leung, E., Merriman, T., Fraser, A., & Krissansen, G. W. (2006). Susceptibility genes for Crohn's disease in New Zealand patients. Poster session presented at the meeting of International Conference on Nutrigenomics & Gut Health. Takapuna, New Zealand.

Fraser, A. G., Leung, E., Hong, J., & Krissansen, G. W. (2005). PHENOTYPIC ASSOCIATIONS OF THE 3020insC MUTATION IN THE NOD2 GENE IN NEW ZEALAND CAUCASIAN CROHN'S PATIENTS. Poster session presented at the meeting of Australasian Gastroenterology Week. Brisbane.

Hong, J., Leung, E., Fraser, A., & Krissansen, G. W. (2005). Susceptibility genes in New Zealand Crohn’s disease patients. Poster session presented at the meeting of 15th Annual Queenstown Molecular Biology meeting. Queenstown, New Zealand.

Leung, E., Hong, J., Fraser, A. G., Merriman, T. R., Vishnu, P., & Krissansen, G. W. (2005). Polymorphisms of CARD15/NOD2 and CD14 genes in New Zealand Caucasian Crohn's disease patients. Poster session presented at the meeting of The Third Annual Broad Medical Research Program Investigator Meeting. Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Leung, E., Hong, J., Fraser, A. G., Merriman, T. R., Vishnu, P., & Krissansen, G. W. (2005). Pattern recognition receptors as susceptibility loci for Crohn's disease. Poster session presented at the meeting of The Third Annual Broad Medical Research Program Investigator Meeting. Los Angeles, CA, USA.

HOLFORD, N. H. G., & FRASER, A. (1993). PHYSIOLOGICAL MODEL FOR GASTROINTESTINAL TRANSIT, ABSORPTION AND 1ST PASS EXTRACTION OF ETHANOL IN HUMANS. Poster session presented at the meeting of CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Presentation

Fraser, A. G., Morgan, A. R., Han, D. -Y., & Ferguson, L. R. (2011). Testing a severity score for Crohn's disease: can a group of SNP's predict a severe phenotype?. In Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Vol. 26, Iss. S4, pp. 63). Brisbane, Australia. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Fraser, A. G., Gamble, G. D., Rose, T., Dunn, J. P., Endoscopists Mercy Ascot Endoscopy., & Endoscopy Auckland EA. (2011). Does increasing the withdrawal time during colonoscopy lead to higher rates of polyp detection?. In Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology (Vol. 26, Iss. s4, pp. 24). Brisbane, Australia: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06821.x

Fraser, A. G. (2011). Testing a severity score for Chron's disease: can a group of SNP’S predict a severe phenotype?. In A. G. Fraser, A. R. Morgan, D. Y. Han, & L. R. Ferguson (Eds.), Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Brisbane, Australia.

Fraser, A. G., & Gamble, G. D. (2010). Does the audit process improve practice and performance of colonoscopy?. In Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Vol. 25, Iss. S3, pp. A51). Gold Coast, Australia: WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC. Retrieved from http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/

Morgan, A. R., Han, D. Y., Triggs, C. M., Lam, W. J., Fraser, A. G., Barclay, M., . . . Ferguson, L. R. (2009). Genetic variation in the matrix metalloproteinases is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. In IPODD annual meeting. Prague.

Fraser, A. G. (2006). Long term treatment of azathioprine - how long is long enough?. In Biannual Inflammatory Bowel disease symposium. Wellington.

Fraser, A. G. (2005). Chronic diarrhoea. In Royal Australasian College of Physicians Annual Scientific Meeting. Wellington.

Fraser, A. G. (2004). Safety issues with IBD drug treatment. In NZ Society of Gastroeterology. Napier.

Fraser, A. G. (2004). Gastric cancer in different ethnic groups in New Zealand. In 5th Western Pacific Helicobacter Congress. Kobe.

Fraser, A. G. (2004). Managing extra-intestinal manifestations of IBD. In The 7th NZ Society of Gastroenterology Symposium on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Christchurch.

Other

Fraser, A. G. (n.d.). Quick reference article on Gastrointestinal bleeding for 'Mentor' - a hospital medical staff reference program.